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Thyroid cancer

A form of cancer that has been on the rise for the last 30 years

THYROID CANCER: A FORM OF CANCER THAT HAS BEEN ON THE RISE FOR THE LAST 30 YEARS

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer, occurring in 5 to 10 percent of thyroid nodules and recording an increase in the last 30 years.

This form of cancer affects women more often than men and can be diagnosed at any age. Risk factors include radiation exposure and a family history of thyroid cancer.

THYROID TUMORS AND THYROID CANCER

Primary thyroid tumors are formations that arise from the autonomous growth of a single thyroid cell, and depending on the biological potential, they can be benign (good) or malignant (malignant).

Malignant thyroid tumors are also called thyroid cancer. Unlike benign tumors, malignant thyroid tumors pose a challenge in diagnosis and therapy, often occur in the younger population (between 20 and 60 years of age) and are often associated with genetic changes, indicating a hereditary component.

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system. Despite the steady increase in the number of cases, mortality has not increased proportionally, and the disease is diagnosed 3-4 times more often in women than in men.

The symptoms of thyroid cancer are usually not pronounced, except for the presence of a lump in the neck. This lump can be a nodule in the thyroid gland or an enlarged lymph node containing cancer cells.

Some nodules in the thyroid gland cannot be detected by standard examination, but are diagnosed through a targeted cytological puncture under ultrasound supervision. Cancerous nodules in the thyroid gland can sometimes spread to surrounding structures, causing changes in voice such as hoarseness or difficulty swallowing.

TYPES OF MALIGNANT TUMORS

Malignant thyroid tumors can be divided according to types, with the most common being papillary and follicular carcinoma, while medullary, anaplastic carcinoma, Hürtl’s carcinoma, primary lymphoma and primary thyroid sarcoma occur extremely rarely.

  1. Papillary carcinoma:
    • It accounts for about 80% of all thyroid cancers.
    • It most often occurs between the ages of 30 and 40.
    • It develops slowly, with the best prognosis.
    • Sometimes it also occurs in a family form.
    • It metastasizes to the lymph nodes of the neck and distant parts of the body (5% – 10% of cases).
  2. Follicular carcinoma:
    • It accounts for about 10% of thyroid cancer cases.
    • It usually occurs after the age of 40.
    • It is characterized by a higher incidence of metastatic spread compared to papillary carcinoma.
    • It is a subtype of Hürtl’s cell carcinoma.
  3. Medullary carcinoma:
    • It accounts for about 5% of malignant thyroid tumors.
    • It is characterized by excessive production of the hormone calcitonin.
    • It can occur sporadically or hereditarily as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia-2 (MEN2) syndrome.
  4. Anaplastic carcinoma:
    • It covers 1% – 2% of all malignant thyroid tumors.
    • It occurs almost exclusively in old age.
    • It is characterized by an aggressive clinical course, rapid growth and spread, locally and distantly.

DIAGNOSING THYROID CANCER

The initial diagnosis in patients with thyroid cancer is usually made by a radiologist after cytological treatment of the node in the thyroid gland using a fine needle and under ultrasound control.

When the diagnosis of thyroid cancer is established, further evaluations using radiographic methods follow. This includes high-resolution ultrasound of the thyroid gland and neck, and/or precise CT scans of the thyroid gland and the entire neck area.

These additional assessments help determine the extent of the disease, determine the presence of metastases, and plan the optimal therapeutic approach.

TREATMENT OF THYROID CANCER

Thyroid cancer surgery has traditionally been associated with a higher rate of complications, including injury to the recurrent (return) nerve that innervates the larynx, compared to surgery for benign thyroid disease.

Our surgeons, with expertise in head surgery techniques, thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, thyroid gland and surrounding lymph nodes, are well prepared for demanding cases. Extensive experience and the use of monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve allow us to perform these complex procedures with minimal risk of complications.

Direct cooperation with the endocrinologist before and after surgery allows for coordinated care of the patient.

In the case of confirmed thyroid cancer, surgery usually involves the removal of the entire thyroid gland, sometimes the lymph nodes. Since this is an extensive surgical procedure that can take anywhere from two to four hours, the patient usually stays overnight in the hospital.

After surgery, pain is usually controlled with analgesics, and patients quickly restore normal speech, nutrition, and breathing functions.

After surgery, the doctor will review the pathological finding and work with the endocrinologist to recommend further treatment, including radioactive iodine therapy as directed by the endocrinologist. This therapy usually has a limited duration and rarely causes side effects after completion.

Standard therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy are rarely needed, usually only in more aggressive forms of cancer. Our experts are not only experienced in the surgical treatment of thyroid cancer, but also in postoperative treatment. We will provide support and guidance through this period, collaborating with other specialists as needed.

Although the prognosis for most thyroid cancers is extremely good, regular monitoring by surgeons and endocrinologists is necessary in the long term.

MAKE AN APPOINTMENT FOR AN EXAMINATION

Our main goal at the LF Polyclinic is to improve the quality of life and health of our clients by providing them with a top-notch health service.

That is why we have gathered a team of top experts, specialists and subspecialists who are the backbone of our multidisciplinary centers and specialist clinics.

Our goal is to achieve a safe and long-term good result through a successful diagnosis and selection of individual treatment, with timely monitoring of the patient.

In order to maintain the high quality of our medical services, we strive to be always available to our clients.

For a consultation and examination with our expert team, you can contact us by phone at +3851 2444-646 or via our online form. Opening hours for orders are Monday to Friday 10:15 a.m. – 6:15 p.m.

Your experts

The main goal of LF Polyclinic is to improve the quality of life and health of our clients by providing them with top-notch healthcare services.

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